# 56 ~ Toronto & The First World War, Part IX - Commemoration

The Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing is a war memorial in Ypres, Belgium, dedicated to the soldiers of the British Empire, now the Commonwealth, who were killed during the fighting in Ypres, and whose graves are unknown. Unveiled on July 24, 1927, the memorial lists the names of 54,896 soldiers who were killed in the battle but whose remains were never found, or never identified.

The interior of Menin Gate.

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This is the ninth and final instalment in a series of posts leading up to the centenary of John McCrae's writing of In Flanders Fields, on May 3, 1915.  I've planned for articles to be posted over the next several weeks, and to culminate with actives commemorating the centennial of McCrae's poem.

Images of John McCrae or the poppy, or recitals of the poem, In Flanders Field, are usually just relegated to Remembrance Day.  We have come to associate certain images so much with November 11th, that they seem out of place during the rest of the year.  As I publish these posts, I hope that you will find enough about Toronto's history, to make the articles of interest.

John McCrae wrote his poem during the Second Battle of Ypres, which took place between April 22nd and May 25th of 1915.  The battle saw the first massed use of poison gas by German forces on the Western Front.  It was a important engagement for Canadian troops ~ for the first time, a group of "colonial" soldiers defeated a European power, on European soil.  Military experts often refer to how engagements like the Battle of St. Julien or Kitcheners' Wood helped to usher Canada into national adulthood.  

However, instead of focusing on an analysis of military activity in Europe, my series of posts will mostly follow how the war was "fought" on the Toronto home front.

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The ninth and final part of my presentation is entitled “Commemoration”.  It chronicles the way in which Toronto reacted to the news that the war was finally over, and shows just a few of the monuments that were built around the city to commemorate the conflict.

After four long years of fighting, the war began to draw to a close, at the end of the Summer of 1918.  The Central Powers finally started to collapse.  Bulgaria signed an armistice on September 29, 1918.  On October 30, the Ottoman Empire capitulated.  The Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated after their armed forces were wiped out at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, at the end of October, 1918.  Declarations of independence were proclaimed throughout the old empire, in Budapest, Prague and Zagreb, and on November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary sent out a flag of truce to ask for an armistice.  On November 11^th, 1918, at 5 o’clock in the morning, an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne.  The ceasefire that ended the war would come into effect at 11 a.m. – the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. 

Military delegates stand outside the "Armistice Train", at Compiègne, where signatories signed the cease fire.

Newspapers the world over soon spread the news that the war was over.

On the morning of November 11^th, 1918 – Armistice Day – Torontonians awoke to the news that the war was over.  Several thousand of husbands, sons, and fathers from the Toronto area had died in the war, but those who had survived would eventually be returning home.  A photograph exists, of a Toronto family gathered in their bedroom, reading a headline of the war's end in the Toronto World newspaper.  No record survives of which family this was.  Did they have a loved one off at the front?  If so, were they killed in action?  Or, could they look forward to a homecoming in the weeks or months to come?

An unidentified Toronto family gathers together on the morning of November 11th, 1918, to read news that the war was over.

On the morning of November 11^th, 1918, rumours of the war’s end were soon spreading through the city.  One can only imagine the infectious good news spreading out through the streets, catching people unaware, as they headed off for what they might of thought would be just another day, heading off to fight the war in factories or fundraising.

This photograph, taken just a few moments after the previous one, shows the jubilance starting to break out, as a number of children – and a few sailors - have climbed up on top of the streetcar.  The news of the war’s end began to spread through the streets.

The above two photographs show jubilant crowds storming a Queen Street streetcar, as news of the Armistice swept through Toronto.  In the second photograph, taken just moments after the first, a number of children and even a few sailors have climbed on top of the streetcar.

It wouldn’t be too long before ecstatic crowds were pouring out on to the streets of Toronto.  There are a number of photographs in the Toronto Archives that show great groups of Toronto residents pouring into the streets to celebrate the war's end. 

A throng of people gather together at Queen and Yonge streets, revelling in the news of the war's end.

Here is a similar scene, also at Queen and Yonge streets.

Just as they had at the outbreak of the war, in August of 1914, the people of Toronto massed outside City Hall, at Queen and Terauley (now Bay) streets, when the news of peace swept through the city.  

It wasn't long before impromptu parades, gatherings, and celebrations were taking place all over Toronto.   Seen here is a spontaneous celebration on King Street West.

Peace celebrations at King and Bay streets.

Revellers on Queen Street.

Celebrations at Bay and King streets.

This photograph of Armistice Day celebrations is notable for the Victory Loan banner in the background, as well as the flags of Allied countries which were strung up along the street.

This photograph was taken from the third floor of City Hall and overlooks Queen and James streets.  You'll note the "Buy Victory Bonds 1918" poster in the background.

As Toronto celebrated the end of World War One, the residents of the city looked forward to welcoming home those soldiers that would be returning from overseas.  But in Toronto alone, there were thousands of soldiers that were being mourned.  The city would turn its thoughts to appropriate ways to honour the memory of those who fought and died.

Banners like this one hung all over Toronto and across Canada to welcome back returning soldiers to the home front.  It contains Canadian imagery, including the "Red Ensign", the Canadian Coat of Arms, and the beaver.

Many of the modern ways in which we commemorate Canada’s veterans originated in the aftermath of the Great War.  Today’s Remembrance Day, of course, takes place each year on November 11^th, with silence observed at 11 o’clock on that morning.  This observation can be traced back to when the Armistice that ended the Great War came into effect – the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. 

In Canada, Remembrance Day is a public holiday and federal statutory holiday, as well as a statutory holiday in all three territories and in six of the ten provinces – with Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec being the exceptions.  Until 1930, the Armistice Day Act provided that Thanksgiving would be observed on Armistice Day, which was fixed by statute on the Monday of the week in which the 11^th of November fell. In 1931, the federal parliament adopted an act to amend Armistice Day celebrations, providing that the day should be observed on November 11th, and should be called "Remembrance Day".  This is when Thanksgiving became a separate holiday in Canada, distinguished from what became Remembrance Day.

The poppy has become a recognizable symbol of military remembrance in Canada.  The use of the poppy was inspired by the poem “In Flanders Fields”, written by Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, a physician who had graduated from medical school at the University of Toronto.  McCrae wrote the poem on May 3, 1915, after witnessing the death of his friend, a fellow soldier, the day before.  The poem was first published on December 8, 1915.  McCrae died at the end of January of 1918, of pneumonia, while serving overseas.

The poppy was actually first used by the American Legion to commemorate American soldiers who died in the Great War.  The poppy was later adopted by military veterans’ groups in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.  Today, the poppy is mainly used in the United Kingdom and Canada to commemorate those who have been killed in all conflicts since 1914.  In addition to the small poppies worn on clothing, poppy wreaths are also often laid at war memorials.

John McCrae in 1912.

A printed postcard bearing McCrae's poem, "In Flanders Fields".   For Canadians, McCrae's poem would become the most well known piece of literature to come out of the First World War.

An inscription of the complete poem in a bronze "book" at the John McCrae memorial at his birthplace in Guelph.

All across Toronto, there are several monuments, both large and small, dedicated to the memory of those who fought and died in the Great War.  Various schools, businesses, banks and private organizations put up monuments all across the city to commemorate military service during the conflict.   What I have included here is only a small inventory of those monuments that can be found throughout Toronto. 

Toronto’s central Cenotaph would be located on the front steps of the 1899 City Hall.  Modelled on the cenotaph at Whitehall, in London, Toronto’s cenotaph was made using granite cut from the Canadian Shield.  It was unveiled on November 11, 1925.  Originally built to commemorate Torontonians who died in the Great War, this cenotaph went on to also honour those who died in the Second World War and the Korean War.

Before the cenotaph at City Hall was unveiled in 1925, the site was home to more makeshift commemorations every November 11th, as seen in this photograph from 1922.

City Hall Cenotaph, Remembrance Day, 2012

Of note is the particularly solemn appearance of the two heraldic supporters on the city's coat of arms.  They have their heads turned down in sombre reflection.

What of areas like the Exhibition grounds and the University of Toronto, which were used to train so many of the soldiers who went to Europe to fight?  Today, there is little in the way of the commemoration at the grounds of the Canadian National Exhibition.  The Stanley Barracks, which were used as a prison camp for enemy aliens still stands, but there are no statues, cenotaphs or other commemorations to those who trained on the grounds.  Even the historical plaque near the Stanley Barracks makes no reference to the building’s use during the Great War.

The plaque commemorating the history of the Stanley Barracks.

Recruits march past the Stanley Barracks, seen in the background, during the First World War.

By contrast, there are several commemorations marking the involvement of Torontonians during the Great War to be found around the University of Toronto.  In a way, Hart House itself could be considered a monument to the First World War.  Construction had begun in 1911, and the unfinished building was used to house recruits before they were shipped off to fight.  The building was finally completed, and the opening ceremonies took place on November 11th - Armistice Day - of 1919.  With the war such a recent memory at the time of the building’s completion, there are several reminders of the conflict within its walls.

The chapel in Hart House is one of the best examples of an emerging mode of design that was popular in 1919.  Three of the stained glass windows in the chapel are made up of fragments of glass that were retrieved by Canadian soldiers.  Taken from destroyed churches in France and Belgium, they were brought home to Toronto and pieced together into the windows in the Hart House chapel.

The chapel at Hart House.

The three stained glass windows in the chapel at Hart House, which contain fragments of glass salvaged from churches in France and Belgium that were destroyed during the First World War.

Detail of salvages stained glass, Hart House chapel.

The Great Hall at Hart House is often used for receptions and social gatherings, and also holds a commemoration of the First World War.  The west wall of the Great Hall contains the heraldic shields of those universities that were within the British Empire at the time of the First World War.  On the east wall are the arms of those universities that were in allied nations during the conflict.  Countries like France, Russia, Italy, Japan and America are all represented.

The centrepiece of this heraldic collection is the coat of arms of His Late Majesty, King George V, who was king during the First World War.  

The Great Hall at Hart House.

A small example of the heraldry displayed in the Great Hall at Hart House.  These are representatives of Canadian universities, and are located amongst other coats of arms from universities that were in the nations of the British Empire during the First World War.  The coat of arms of the University of Toronto is seen at top left.

The coat of arms of King George V, Canada's sovereign during the First World War.

The Soldiers’ Tower stands immediately adjacent to Hart House and is amongst Toronto’s best known monuments that honours those who died in the First World War.  After the war, University alumni raised almost $400,000 to construct the tower.  The cornerstone was laid in 1919, by Canada’s Governor General, Victor Cavendish, the Duke of Devonshire.  The building was completed five years later in 1924, at a cost of $252,500.  The remaining funds that had been collected were given over to scholarships.

The Soldiers' Tower, University of Toronto.

The names of 628 students of the university who were killed in the First World War are etched on a sheltered stone screen that stands adjacent to the tower’s base.  Among them is the name of John McCrae, who was a graduate of the University of Toronto.  Also etched into the stone is his poem, In Flanders Fields.

The names of 628 students of the University of Toronto who were killed during the First World War are carved on the memorial wall behind the arches.

John McCrae's "In Flanders Fields" is also carved on the wall.  A portion of it is shown here.  Of course, as McCrae was a casualty of the First World War, his name can also be found amongst the war dead.

The names of 557 students and alumni who were killed in the Second World War would eventually be inscribed in the stone archway at the base of the tower.  Those remembered at the tower did not have to be Canadian citizens – the only condition was that they had been students at the University of Toronto.  There are names of those who served in various branches of the Canadian, American and British forces, as well as an Australian soldier and a Dutch pilot.

These two walls, under the arch at the base of the Soldiers' Tower, record the names of 557 students from the University of Toronto who were killed during the Second World War.

Many of the university's casualties from the Second World War were, of course, Canadian.  But both the British and American armies were thoroughly represented, too.  Seen here is the name of Sergeant Major G. W. West, of the Australian Army, and Gunner R. Steensma, of the Netherlands Air Force.

The tower features a dramatic 12-panel stained-glass window that is partly a visual interpretation of John McCrae’s “In Flanders Fields”, along with 8 smaller stained-glass windows that depict men and women of the armed forces at wartime. A museum within the tower, called the Memorial Chamber, holds a collection of medals, memorial books, portraits, photographs, flags and miscellaneous memorabilia from the First and Second World Wars.  

The clock of the tower was installed in 1927, and an initial 23 bells were also put into the tower’s carillon.  A number of additional bells were added over the years, and the tower now has 51 bells that are rung out for special occasions and recitals during the course of the year.  The Soldiers’ Tower serves as a home to the University’s Remembrance Day ceremony each year. 

Military service, the Soldiers' Tower, 1924.

In addition to the Cenotaph at Toronto’s 1899 City Hall, and the markers to be found at Soldiers’ Tower and within Hart House, there are a number of smaller monuments and plaques that commemorate the service of those who fought during the Great War.  They are scattered throughout schools, churches, community centres and civic areas all around Toronto.  Most are smaller installations that are unfortunately overlooked throughout most of the year.

As we mark the centenary of the start of the First World War, Canada has lost much of its living memory of those who fought in that conflict.  But, it was a conflict that went on to shape the last century profoundly.  Revolution in Russia would launch Communism, the Cold War, and usher in a whole new round of conflict throughout most of the 20th century.  The overthrow of the German monarchy, and the bitter treaty terms of the peace treaty that ended the First World War, helped to set the stage for the rise of fascism in Europe that ultimately led to the loss of so many lives in the Second World War.  The breakup of Austria-Hungary and its empire led to generations of strife in the Balkans and could said to have carried on down through the conflicts in that region throughout the 1990s.

Canada played a part in all of these conflicts, but even on occasions where Canadian troops went off to serve, their service may, in retrospect, seem like something that took place on distant, foreign shores.  Hopefully, though, these nine articles have emphasized the important relationship between fighting overseas and what took place at the home front.

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The Soldiers' Tower is organizing an event to commemorate the centenary of John McCrae's writing of In Flanders Field.  The following information is taken from their website, which you can also visit here.

REMEMBERING JOHN McCRAE

On May 3, 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in the Great War, Lieutenant John McCrae wrote, In Flanders Fields.  You are invited to join us 100 years later to commemorate the legacy of this remarkable alumnus and Canada's most famous poet.

SUNDAY MAY 3, 2015
Soldiers' Tower, 7 Hart House Circle
12 noon - 2:45 p.m., Soldiers' Tower Memorial Room will be open to visitors.
2 p.m. - 2:45 p.m. Carillon recital featuring Gordon Slater, Dominion Carillonneur (retired).  The carillon recital is an outdoor event which will proceed rain or shine.
3 p.m. - 4:30 p.m.  Slide show presentation about John McCrae by Linda Granfield, U of T alumna, noted author and expert on John McCrae; followed by reception in the Music Room of Hart House.

This public event is free, but seating is limited.  RSVP to Kathy Parks at 416-978-3485, soldiers.tower@utoronto.ca

RSVPs ARE REQUIRED.

Sponsored by the Soldiers' Tower Committee of the University of Toronto Alumni Association, and the Department of Alumni Relations, University Advancement.

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# 51 ~ Toronto & The First World War, Part IV - Production

A soldier guards a trench at the Battle of Ypres, his bayoneted rifle at the ready.  Belligerent nations in the First World War all struggled to produce enough munitions to battle the enemy.

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This is the fourth in a series of nine posts leading up to the centenary of John McCrae's writing of In Flanders Fields, on May 3, 1915.  I've planned for articles to be posted over the next several weeks, and to culminate with actives commemorating the centennial of McCrae's poem.

Images of John McCrae or the poppy, or recitals of the poem, In Flanders Field, are usually just relegated to Remembrance Day.  We have come to associate certain images so much with November 11th, that they seem out of place during the rest of the year.  As I publish these posts, I hope that you will find enough about Toronto's history, to make the articles of interest.

John McCrae wrote his poem during the Second Battle of Ypres, which took place between April 22nd and May 25th of 1915.  The battle saw the first massed use of poison gas by German forces on the Western Front.  It was a important engagement for Canadian troops ~ for the first time, a group of "colonial" soldiers defeated a European power, on European soil.  Military experts often refer to how engagements like the Battle of St. Julien or Kitcheners' Wood helped to usher Canada into national adulthood.  

However, instead of focusing on an analysis of military activity in Europe, my series of posts will mostly follow how the war was "fought" on the Toronto home front.

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This is the fourth instalment in my posts on Toronto during the First World War.  It is called “Production”, and it discusses those sites the industrial efforts that went on in Toronto, in order to produce the armaments that were needed to fight the war.

Prior to the war, Canada had experienced an economic recession.  At first, the war worsened it, by causing layoffs, contract cancellations, and cutbacks in the already struggling railway industry.  Some factories shut down, and construction stopped on civilian projects.  Some buildings in Toronto, like our new Union Station, were halted and wouldn’t be completed until after the war.

Work on the contemporary Union Station had begun in 1914, and actually did continue through the First World War period, through to 1920.  However, the work went on very slowly, due to significant delays because of the shortage of men and material during the First World War period.  Although the current station was officially opened in August of 1927, work was not entirely finished until 1930. 

This photograph from 1929 shows the train sheds at the south of Union Station being constructed.  the terminal to the north has been completed, and the newly opened Royal York Hotel is also visible.  The completion of Union Station is just one example of how public works in Toronto and around Canada were interrupted by the war effort.

The economy was eventually stimulated by the demand for war supplies.  Military production grew and turned the economy around, from recession to rapid expansion.  Due to the combined demands of military service, industrial production, and agricultural production, unemployment virtually ceased in Canada by 1916.

Children like the pair shown in the photograph, below, from 1908, lived in one of Toronto’s poorest districts, called “The Ward”, prior to the Great War.  The Ward was located up Terauley Street (now Bay Street), and in fact, in the second photograph below, you can see Toronto’s 1899 City Hall in the background, behind the slums.  The father of the two children in the first picture may very well have gone off to be a soldier, for pay, while their mother quite possibly could have obtained work in a munitions factory, or in some other form of industrial war production. 

Children of "the Ward", Toronto 1908.  It's possible that the war improved their economic situation, if their father enlisted in the military, or their mother found factory work.

Slums of the Ward, on Terauley Street (now Bay Street).  Toronto's City Hall is visible in the background.

The military required a nearly insatiable amount of artillery shells.  Armies expended them by the millions in great barrages and siege-like battles, and no Allied economy was organized to produce artillery shells at anything near the required levels.  Canada’s Minister of Militia and Defence, Sir Sam Hughes, had established a “Shell Committee” to coordinate production, but this failed to deliver on agreed contracts.  The Shell Committee’s failure to produce led to angry recriminations between Canada and Britain, and there were widespread rumours of corruption.

Sir Sam Hughes led the so-called Shell Committee, which failed to produce an adequate supply of munitions for the war effort.  He and his committee were replaced by Joseph Flavelle and the Imperial Munitions Board, late in 1915.

Read the original 32 page booklet "War Scandals of the Borden Government", published in 1915, here.

Late in 1915, Prime Minister Borden replaced the Shell Committee with the Imperial Munitions Board – or, the IMB, for short.   This board answered solely to British authorities but was run by a Canadian, a well known Toronto business man named Joseph Flavelle.   He ran the board according to sound business practices and hired professional managers to oversee operations.  The problem of scarce labour was resolved when Flavelle’s board hired 30,000 women to work in factories and offices. 

Flavelle's Imperial Munitions Board - often abbreviated to the IMB - ushered in thousands of female employees.  This would revolutionize the conventional role of women, who had been usually relegated to the role of wife and mother.  Women were leaving their traditional place in the home and going to work in factories.

By 1917, Flavelle had overseen a great expansion in military production.  His Imperial Munitions Board oversaw dozens of companies that produced about $2-million worth of goods each day.  The Imperial Munitions Board expanded to include propellants, brass casings, and complicated fuses.  By 1917, about one third of all British shells were being manufactured in Canada. 

The IMB constructed ships and aircraft and developed airfields for a large pilot training program. By war's end, its 600 factories had completed some 103 naval vessels, 2,600 training aircraft, and 30 flying boats. When the IMB ceased operations in 1919, it was Canada's largest civilian employer, with over 289,000 employees.

Slide # 76 – Here, a Canadian pilot sits in a JN4 “Jenny” airplane in a Toronto airfield.  Today’s Royal Canadian Air Force originated as the Canadian Aviation Corps, which was an early attempt to create an air force in Canada.  Created in 1914, the unit was attached to the Canadian Expeditionary Force.  The Canadian Aviation Corps was affiliated with Britain’s Royal Flying Corps.  By the end of the First World War, the Canadian Aviation Corps had evolved into the Canadian Air Force, which eventually evolved in turn into the Royal Canadian Air Force, established in 1924.

A Curtiss JN4 "Jenny" airplane in a Toronto airfield, 1916.

 

A Curtiss JN4 "Jenny" airplane, Long Branch Airfield, Toronto, January, 1917.

 

Gassing up a Curtiss "F" Flyboat, Toronto Harbour, 1915.

With more and more men away on service, women’s work became pivotal. So-called “women’s work” was initially an extension of what women would have done at home, like knitting and sewing clothing for soldiers. Non-traditional canvassing, recruiting, clerical and factory-floor roles followed. By the end of 1916, Toronto employed 2,500 of Canada’s 4,000 female munitions workers.

Toronto women knit socks for soldiers in 1914.

A group of women assembly parts in a Toronto airplane factory in 1916.

A woman adjusts a fuse inside the Russell Motor Car Company factory.

A "Woman Worker" badge was issued to every woman who worked for the Imperial Munitions Board for at least 30 days.  Everyone would want to wear something that could show that they were "doing their bit" for the war effort.

In Toronto, the Imperial Munitions Board was able to take advantage of the city’s established manufacturing base, by taking over several existing firms.  The Russell Motor Car Company was a case in point.  Russell worked in partnership with the Eaton’s Machine Gun Battery, which was bankrolled by Sir John Eaton, the head of the department store chain. 

Russell was also one of the first Canadian companies to receive a munitions contract. After producing Canada’s first shell fuse in 1916, Russell sold off its vehicle works to focus on making munitions. By 1918, Russell had four Toronto factories in operation and proudly attested to the productivity of its large female workforce.



Sir John Eaton presented armoured cars to the Imperial Munitions Board.  They were manufactured through the Russell Motor Car Company and seen here at Toronto's Exhibition Camp in 1915.

Here we see employees posing for a photograph outside the Russell Motor Car Company, on King Street West and Duncan Street (between University Avenue and John Street) in 1917.

The IMB’s name was something of a misnomer. While it was charged with awarding ammunition contracts across the country, its industrial mandate soon broadened, and again Toronto was the beneficiary. Shipbuilding exemplified this.

Shown here, below, is a 1918 painting by Robert Gagen, entitled “Shipbuilding in Ashbridge’s Bay”.  It shows ship construction at the Polson Iron Works, near the foot of Sherbourne Street.  In the foreground is the War Taurus, and behind is either the War Hydra, or the War Timiskaming.

"Shipbuilding in Ashbridge's Bay", pained in 1918 by Robert Gagen.

In 1914, Toronto had one shipyard in operation; in 1918, it had three. The initial wartime products of the Polson Iron Works, established in 1883 at the foot of Sherbourne Street, were shells and shrapnel. Later it built trawlers for the Royal Canadian Navy; then it moved on to steel freighters commissioned by the IMB.



Shipbuilding, Polson Iron Works, 1918.

Toronto’s other two shipyards took shape thanks to the Toronto Harbour Commission. The Dominion Shipbuilding Company occupied newly made land between Spadina Avenue and Bathurst Street, and adjoined the newly created Keating Channel.  Polson, Dominion and a third company, the Toronto Shipbuilding Company, built 24 St. Lawrence Canal-size vessels between 1917 and 1920 — nearly one-third of the IMB’s ships.



Toronto's Dominion Shipbuilding Company.

Launch of the Floraba at Toronto's Dominion Shipbuilding Company.

In addition to shipbuilding, the Imperial Munitions Board had three of its seven “national factories” in Toronto. These were British Forgings Ltd., British Acetones Toronto Ltd. and Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd.

  British Forgings was formed to process waste metal from shell production and make new munitions.

While British Forgings was built from scratch, British Acetones relied on an existing plant. With Prohibition looming — meaning poor prospects for beverage alcohol — Gooderham & Worts offered its distillery to the Imperial Munitions Board for wartime purposes. Operating under its new name, the factory became the Empire’s largest producer of cordite in 1917 and 1918. This material was an essential ingredient in war-related explosives.



Toronto's Distillery District in 1917, while it served as British Acetones Toronto, Ltd.

Canadian Aeroplanes Limited was regarded as the IMB’s most successful venture. Of the 2,951 aircraft built in 1917 and 1918, most were JN-4 (“Jenny”) trainers used by the Royal Flying Corps Canada at such sites as the IMB’s aerodromes at Long Branch, Armour Heights and Leaside. Many of the rest were massive flying boats built for the US Navy.



A JN4 "Jenny" airplane at the Leaside Aerodrome, in 1917.

A JN4 "Jenny" airplane is pushed back into an aerodrome hangar in 1916.

A pilot in a JN14 "Jenny" airplane, 1918.

A Curtiss "F" flying boat, Toronto Islands, 1915.

A Curtiss Canada Bomber, 1916.

When going through the Toronto Archives online collection, I found this photograph of an aviator named Bert Acosta, preparing to take a Toronto photographer named William James, Sr., up in an airplane from the Leaside Aerodrome, in 1916.  William James, Sr., was a major contributor of photographs to the Toronto Archives, and ended up filing hundreds, if not thousands, of photographs of Toronto to the archival collection.  

William James, Sr., can be seen in the back of the airplane, with his rather bulky looking camera.  His trip over the skies of Toronto in 1916 resulted in what was said to be amongst the first "movies" filmed from an airplane in Canada.

The end of the war ended most of this economic activity. Munitions contracts were cancelled immediately. Two of the shipyards were bankrupt by 1920; the third became a dry dock. Canadian Aeroplanes and British Forgings were sold to foreign interests and closed in the early 1920s. British Acetone again became Gooderham & Worts, but struggled during the Prohibition period.

Alcohol continued to be produced there until 1990, when production was moved to Windsor, and the facility became abandoned.  It was eventually converted to a recreational complex full of art galleries, restaurants and cafes, and survives today as Toronto’s Distillery District.

At the end of the war, women returned to their traditional unpaid roles. They were not the only Torontonians to be disappointed; in the postwar slump, many “returned men” failed to find work. The economic boom of military production had become a bust.


As for Sir Joseph Flavelle, the man behind the Imperial Munitions Board, he was granted a baronetcy in 1917, in recognition of his work in supplying for the war effort.  He died in 1939, and bequeathed his mansion near Queen's Park to the University of Toronto.  It is now part of the University's Law School.

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Coming up : My next instalment of the "Toronto & The First World War" series is entitled "Dedication".  It discusses the contributions that those in Toronto and across Canada were expected to make to the war effort.  It also explores some of the propaganda art that was used to stir the patriotism of Canadians, or shame them if they weren't seen as making enough of an effort.

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