# 50 ~ Toronto & the First World War, Part III - Preparation

26th Battalion of the Second Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1915.

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This is the third in a series of nine posts leading up to the centenary of John McCrae's writing of In Flanders Fields, on May 3, 1915.  I've planned for articles to be posted over the next several weeks, and to culminate with actives commemorating the centennial of McCrae's poem.

Images of John McCrae or the poppy, or recitals of the poem, In Flanders Field, are usually just relegated to Remembrance Day.  We have come to associate certain images so much with November 11th, that they seem out of place during the rest of the year.  As I publish these posts, I hope that you will find enough about Toronto's history, to make the articles of interest.

John McCrae wrote his poem during the Second Battle of Ypres, which took place between April 22nd and May 25th of 1915.  The battle saw the first massed use of poison gas by German forces on the Western Front.  It was a important engagement for Canadian troops ~ for the first time, a group of "colonial" soldiers defeated a European power, on European soil.  Military experts often refer to how engagements like the Battle of St. Julien or Kitcheners' Wood helped to usher Canada into national adulthood.  

However, instead of focusing on an analysis of military activity in Europe, my series of posts will mostly follow how the war was "fought" on the Toronto home front.

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This is the third instalment in my posts on Toronto during the First World War.  It is called “Preparation”, and it discusses those sites in Toronto where military recruits were assembled and trained before being sent off to war.

RECRUITMENT & TRAINING AT THE UNIVERSITY AVENUE ARMOURIES

Toronto’s University Avenue Armoury opened in May of 1894.  It was located on the east side of University Avenue, just north of Queen Street.  It replaced earlier armouries and drill sheds what were widely scattered around Toronto.  The University Avenue Armoury was largest armoury in North America, when it opened.  It was a Romanesque style building, executed in red stone, with towers, turrets, and several castellated elements that made it reminiscent of a Scottish castle.

Above and below, the University Avenue Armouries.

This aerial photograph from 1930 shows Queen Street West to the right of the photograph, and University Avenue running from left to right through the middle of the picture.  The Canada Life building is clearly identifiable, more or less in the centre of the picture, casting a shadow over Osgoode Hall.  To the left of Osgoode Hall is the University Avenue Armouries building.

Soldiers were trained here for service in the Boer War, the First World War, and the Second World War.  Apart from offices and classrooms, messes, and storage or kit rooms, there were bowling allies and rifle ranges in the basement. The University Avenue Armoury was one of the most impressive buildings to have ever been constructed in downtown Toronto, and its demolition in 1963 made it one of the most lamented “lost” buildings in the city.  Some of the bricks from the armoury that came down when it was demolished were taken home by soldiers who had been trained in the building.  There is little in the way of commemoration of the rich Canadian military heritage that took place in this building, just as there is little remembrance given to those who trained to serve their country here over the span of 70 years.

Every aspect of enrolment and training took place at the University Avenue Armouries.  There was of course a recruiting station at the armoury.  

A Toronto police constable guides a new recruit to the University Avenue Armouries recruiting station.

The recruitment tent at the University Avenue Armouries.

Eager new volunteers queue up to enlist at the University Armouries.

Once properly enlisted, new recruits could learn all sorts of skills that would transform them from civilians into soldiers.  This included a basic physical drill, as well as signal practice, instruction on how to build a pontoon bridge, and artillery practice.  

New recruits go through a physical drill at the University Avenue Armouries.

Drilling at signal practice.

 The following three pictures show recruits learning how to build a pontoon bridge at the University Avenue Armouries.  

The next three photographs show artillery practice at the University Avenue Armouries.

RECRUITMENT & TRAINING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

The University of Toronto would become a hub of military activity during the Great War.  In his commencement address of 1914, Sir Robert Falconer, the president of the University of Toronto said, “This is the greatest of moral struggles.  Be ready to defend your life, which, with its freedom, has been won for you by others. Live a life of sacrifice this winter and thereby contribute something to help the nation in relieving its suffering. The world is in agony, let this agony reach the depths of our nature also, so that it may purge our selfishness.” With sentiments like these echoing across the campus and country alike, the University of Toronto mobilized for the war effort. 

Sports seasons were suspended until 1919.  Fraternities were closed.  The Faculty of Medicine organized two military hospitals and professional faculties such as engineering and dentistry became involved. The Canadian Officers’ Training Corps operated on campus. U of T professors gave hundreds of war-inspired public lectures throughout the city.

University grounds and buildings were heavily utilized by the military. The Royal Flying Corps established a training centre for the Dominion in the spring of 1917 and put its headquarters in Toronto. They took over the front and back lawns, parts of the Engineering Building, Convocation Hall, most of Burwash Hall, and the University Residences.

The grounds of the University of Toronto were "on loan" to the British government as an aviation school.  Here, below, are photographs showing the camp of tents on the grounds of the University.  This "tent city" would have served as home to those learning the new skill of flying. 

A World War One airplane flies over the tent city on university grounds, and buzzes University College.

Aviation camp at the University of Toronto.

Here is another photograph of the aviation camp at the University of Toronto.  Many of these aviators - or, those who survived, at any rate - would go on to open up the Canadian North.

A lesson in the new field of aviation, or "aeronautics", takes place on the grounds of the University of Toronto in 1917.

Hart House as been a hub of recreational activity at the University of Toronto, from the time that it officially opened on November 11th, 1919.  But, even before the interior of Hart House was complete, it was filled with military activity, and was an epicentre of sorts for military activity on campus. Five different battalions operated from Hart House, and sections of the building were used as infirmaries.  In the upper gym, workshops were given on how to build planes.  Here too was Canada’s first rehabilitation centre, originally designated for returning veterans.

Hart House under construction in 1915.

Hart House under construction in 1915.  It was in this condition that the building sheltered new recruits as they trained to go off and fight in the war.

The following series of photographs shows students - and faculty - being drilled at the University of Toronto.

By 1915, thousands of troops had been trained on the university campus.  In this photograph, 3,000 cadets are reviewed in front of University College in 1915.   

TRAINING ON THE GROUNDS OF THE CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION

When the 1915 school term began, enrolment was down by 650 men. Six hundred more were absent by September 1916, and another 600 left by next January. By the time conscription was imposed in 1917 by the Military Service Act, it had little effect because there were so few fit men left to serve.

When the war had started in August of 1914, the Canadian government had hoped for a quick campaign that wouldn’t draw on too many Canadian troops.  It was hoped that the training ground at Valcartier, Quebec, would be sufficient enough to train every Canadian soldier who was needed to fight on the homefront.

But, by early in 1915, the military saw that the war would go on, and decided it would make more sense to train troops locally.  The quest was on to find local buildings and facilities.  The City of Toronto offered Exhibition Park, which soon became Exhibition Camp.

Troops march through the Dufferin Gates of the Canadian National Exhibition.

The 15th Battery of Canadian Field Artillery found itself quartered in the cowsheds and stables, where stoves and double-tiered bunks had been hastily installed.  The accommodation was far from luxurious, but the troops had the advantage of being close to the attractions of the city, and during training were able to fire live ammunition at targets out on the lake.

In this photograph from 1915, new recruits inspect the bunks in which they will be sleeping.  These accommodations were set up at the Government Building, on the Exhibition grounds.

Meanwhile, the annual Canadian National Exhibition proceeded as normal, and organizers made use of the forces’ presence.  Fairgoers could take in the newly recruited soldiers being drilled in the various aspects of their trainings.  One activity that was popular with spectators was watching soldiers practice charging with bayonets. 

The Globe newspaper featured a review of this activity.  “The soldiers, by twenties, prepared the way for a charge from the British trench to the German one by rapid fire, bayoneted the Germans in that trench and leaping over it with terror-inspiring shouts bayoneted German reserves in the rear, represented by hanging straw sacks. The sacks had been painted with the names and lifelike likenesses of the Kaiser, Crown Prince and other Huns, and the harder the thrusts these personages received the lustier were the cheers of the crowd.”

Spectators who were visiting the fair could also tour trenches dug by soldiers and watch soldiers as they completed their daily drills.

Watching new recruits train in the art of charging from trenches, with their bayonets fixed, was a popular pastime for visitors to the Canadian National Exhibition, during the years of the First World War.

A crowd of Edwardian fair goers watch as brave new recruits charge out of a trench.

Calisthenics training, Exhibition Camp, 1915.

Rifle drill, Exhibition Camp, 1915.

Rifle drill, Exhibition Camp, 1915.

Fair goers watch as troops get in their practice at digging trenches.

Formation marching near Scadding Cabin and old Fort Rouille, 1914.

The photograph immediately above shows recruits practicing formation marching at the Exhibition Camp in 1914.  This wide open portion of the grounds would have been ideal for formation marching.  This training took place near the Fort Rouille monument, and Scadding Cabin, which are both seen in the background and which are located at the southwest part of today’s CNE grounds. 

In April of 1813, just over a century before the First World War began, the clearing around old Fort Rouille had seen fighting as part of the American invasion of the Old Town of York.  A century later, in 1915, Toronto troops spent time here preparing to fight a completely different enemy in another part of the world.

The 19th battalion was originally raised at the Exhibition Camp on November 6, 1914.  As part of the 4^th Infantry Brigade, 2^nd Canadian Division, the 19^th went from its station at the Exhibition, to West Sandling Camp in England, on May 23, 1915.  They arrived in France on September 14, 1915 and served right up until the end of the war.

Henri the Bear was the military mascot of the 19th Battalion.  Henri is shown here with Private R. L. Smith, one of the soldiers of the 19th Battalion.

Of course, recruits also got in target practice at Exhibition Camp.   It would seem that the grounds of the exhibition would be a relatively safe place for target practice and potentially explosive military training, at least when fairgoers weren’t  wandering around. 

However, as part of their voluntary training, local Boy Scouts spent time assisting soldiers in setting up the targets, as well as collecting the spent bullets of live ammunition, so that the metal could be gathered up and re-used.  The use of young boys in the target practice process had been a tradition in the Toronto area dating back to the late 1790s, when young boys performed the same task at Old Fort York. 

The three photographs above show Boy Scouts working in the target practice area of Exhibition Camp in 1915.

Military camps like the one on the Exhibition grounds were not necessarily safe for adult soldiers, either.  Assisted by cold, wet weather, diseases like pneumonia and meningitis swept through military encampments in Canada, England, and other countries, and many soldiers died before they even left for battle.  There were casualties related to meningitis at the Exhibition Camp in 1915, and an accidental training explosion there in 1915 took lives there, too.  Another accidental death occurred when a private named Tim Stone was struck and killed by a car. 

Shown here is a military funeral for an unidentified soldier on the grounds of Exhibition Camp in 1915.

Shown below is a military encampment on the grounds of the Exhibition in 1915.  The photograph is reminiscent of all the tents that were set up across the aviation camp on the grounds of the University of Toronto.  Canada’s first winter of the war, between the end of 1914 and the start of 1915 proved that the war would require a far greater number of soldiers than was originally thought.  Camps like this one would soon sprout up across Toronto, throughout Canada and around the world.

Just as these soldiers pictured here were eventually trained and left the grounds of the Exhibition Camp, they would be followed by hundreds of thousands more soldiers from across the country.  By early 1915, it became clear that Canada had signed on for a much greater investment in troops, in production, and in sacrifice than had originally been anticipated.

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Coming up : My next instalment of the "Toronto & The First World War" series is entitled "Production".  It discusses industrial military production, and shows some photographs of installations around Toronto that turned out military supplies for the war effort.

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# 49 ~ Toronto & the First World War, Part II - Mobilization

Crater from a 17" shell near Ypres, Belgium.

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This is the second in a series of nine posts leading up to the centenary of John McCrae's writing of In Flanders Fields, on May 3, 1915.  I've planned for articles to be posted over the next several weeks, and to culminate with actives commemorating the centennial of McCrae's poem.

Images of John McCrae or the poppy, or recitals of the poem, In Flanders Field, are usually just relegated to Remembrance Day.  We have come to associate certain images so much with November 11th, that they seem out of place during the rest of the year.  As I publish these posts, I hope that you will find enough about Toronto's history, to make the articles of interest.

John McCrae wrote his poem during the Second Battle of Ypres, which took place between April 22nd and May 25th of 1915.  The battle saw the first massed use of poison gas by German forces on the Western Front.  It was a important engagement for Canadian troops ~ for the first time, a group of "colonial" soldiers defeated a European power, on European soil.  Military experts often refer to how engagements like the Battle of St. Julien or Kitcheners' Wood helped to usher Canada into national adulthood.  

However, instead of focusing on an analysis of military activity in Europe, my series of posts will mostly follow how the war was "fought" on the Toronto home front.

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The second part of my presentation is entitled “Mobilization”.   This article explores voluntary enlistment, conscription and the mobilization of troops from Toronto and throughout Canada, during the duration of the war.

Prime Minister Sir Robert Baldwin and his cabinet met Britain’s request for 25,000 Canadian troops.  Canada had a very small permanent, standing army, so at the war’s start, volunteers from the citizenry made up a large part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. 

Recruiting stations were soon swamped.  Toronto had always been a very “British” city.  70% of the first wave of volunteers across Canada had been born in Britain, although many had lived in Canada for years.  100 years ago, there was much less of a distinction between the ideas of “British” and “Canadian” national identity, and for many, these terms were interchangeable.  Often, being thoroughly Canadian and being thoroughly British were one in the same.

Over the next four years, more and more of the Canadian Expeditionary Force would be made up of those born in Canada, with about 50% being born in Canada by 1918.

In this Canadian propaganda poster, a soldier is flanked on either side by the Royal Union flag.

A recruiting office in Toronto, near the start of the First World War.

This photograph shows a First World War recruitment drive at Toronto's City Hall.  Decorations above the main entrance tell the men of Toronto how "Your King & Country Need You Now!"

Another view of the bunting and motto over the entrance of City Hall, calling out to residents of the city as they pass by.  Missing, of course, is the cenotaph in front of the building.  In 1914, the war was new, and many recruits the world over looked at is as a great adventure.  The cenotaph was erected to commemorate the war dead in 1925, and was later updated to remember those who served and died in the Second World War, the Korean War, and Canadian peacekeeping missions.

At the start of the war, Torontonians were bombarded with messages encouraging them to enlist.  Streetcars were turned into a sort of rolling recruitment office on wheels, and would go around the city, adorned with advertisements encouraging Torontonians to enlist.

Below is a Toronto streetcar adorned with an enlistment poster for the Number One Construction Battalion.  The motto, “We Go Overseas Quickly” ensures those who enlist will soon be over in Europe in the thick of the fighting.  The signboard at the front of the streetcar advertises its destination as “To Berlin”. 

Another Toronto streetcar, shown below, was decked out to become the “travelling headquarters” of the 109^th Regiment.  Potential recruits were encouraged to “Join With Britain’s Best” and warned “Don’t lag behind”.

And, in what had to be a unique marketing strategy for recruitment, this streetcar encouraged new recruits to “Step Aboard” for a “Free Trip to Europe”.

This Australian propaganda poster mirrored the recruitment advertising seen on the Toronto streetcar, above.  The war was presented as some kind of great, fantastic adventure - the chance to travel the world and make new friends on the government's dime - when no one was trying to kill you, of course.  The surprising thing is how well this sort of material worked, and how many young men thought that their experiences in warfare would be just as described.

MOTIVATION TO FIGHT

There were all sorts of reasons that motivated Canadians to fight in the war.  Germany was perceived as a belligerent nation, and their invasion of Belgium was portrayed as an act of brutality.  Many people were shocked by the way this brutality was presented in the media of the day, and reports of German atrocities would eventually reach great levels of hyperbole.

In some cases, German atrocities were highly exaggerated.  The horrible stories of German soldiers impaling Belgium women and children – as reproduced in this editorial cartoon from 1915 – were based on very flimsy evidence, at best.

An editorial cartoon from Life magazine, July 25, 1915, shows a German soldier on parade with Belgian men, women and children impaled on his bayonet.

This illustration appeared in the New York Tribune.  It shows a great German hand - tattooed on the back with the Imperial German eagle - mauling a Belgian town.  The German invasion became known as "The Rape of Belgium" in British, American and Canadian media.

In some cases, though, there was evidence that the German army carried out shocking, premeditated acts of violence against civilians.  The German army claimed that these civilians were potential guerrilla fighters, and were as dangerous as French soldiers.  German soldiers burned homes and executed civilians – including women and children – in towns all over central and eastern Belgium.  

This illustration shows German soldiers executing Belgian civilians during the invasion of Blegny.  Also shown is a table listing Belgian casualties in some of the towns that Germany occupied.

The propaganda poster below, from 1914, asks Canadians to consider what they would do if the atrocities in Belgium had taken place in Newfoundland.  Although Newfoundland was a separate colony, and would not be a Canadian province until 1949, this sort of propaganda brought the German atrocities in Belgium much closer to home.

In addition to patriotism and the news of atrocities conducted by the Germans, either real or imagined, Canadians often found other reasons to enlist.  The literature of the day, including poetry and text books read in school rooms depicted the war as a romantic adventure, full of honour and glory.  Escapism definitely played a part in inciting some people to volunteer for combat.

Books like “The Children’s Story of the War”, or “Canada in Flanders” made the war sound exciting and appealing, especially to younger audiences.

Read the "Children's Story of War" here, at the online archives for the University of Toronto's Robarts Library.  

Read "Canada in Flanders" here.

This sense of escapism, combined with an economic recession, led some to sign up for the military, although many left decent paying jobs to enlist.  Construction of one of the grandest homes in Toronto – Casa Loma – had begun just before the war started, and many of the 300 labourers who were hired by Sir Henry Pellatt to build his dream castle lay down their tools to go off and fight.

Some of the labourers who helped to build Casa Loma are shown here, below, about 1913, with the partially completed castle in the background. 

Despite the fact that recruiting posters emphasized that EVERYONE should enlist, not every volunteer was accepted.  Recruiting posters tended to show powerful looking, well proportioned young men, going off to fight.  In 1914, volunteers were subjected to strict medical examinations.  A successful candidate had to be at least 5 feet, 3 inches tall, be between 18 and 45 years old, have good eyesight, and healthy teeth, among other qualifications.   This led to the legends of some gap toothed volunteers quipping that they wanted to shoot Germans, not bite them. 

Recruitment posters like this one would have played on a sense of guilt or shame felt by those who didn't join up to fight.

Enlistment was presented with the morally right, "manly" thing to do, and all the men who appeared in recruitment posters were illustrated as fine male specimens, in good health.

A propaganda poster calling for recruitment during the war asks Canadians to judge themselves by the nationalism of their enemy.

A recruitment poster for the 48th Highlanders of Canada advocates that those who read it help "Avenge St. Julien".  The Battle of St. Julien was a battle in which Canadians fought during the greater conflict near Ypres.  The Battle of St. Julien took place between April 24th and May 5th, 1915.  McCrae penned In Flanders Fields on May 3rd, 1915.

This broadside from early in the war is entitled "The Story of  His Brave Canadian Father", and tells the story of a young boy from Ontario, who learns of his father's death in the war, and runs off to enlist.  It was meant to inspire grown men to do the same.  The caption at the bottom reads "It is related of a little York County (Ontario) boy, on being told by his mother the particulars of the gallant death of his after on the battle fields of France, ran off to a nearby recruiting station and asked to be enlisted.  The officer in charge took down his name and promised him a place "as soon as he could fill the physical requirements".  The boy, quite satisfied with the promise, trotted back to his home and his toys."

By 1917, the Canadian government felt that volunteer recruitment was no longer providing the necessary number of Canadian soldiers for the war effort.  The war had dragged on much longer than anyone first imagined, and had taken a great toll in cost and casualties.  Many leaders felt that Canada still had to live up to its obligations to our allies, and Prime Minister Borden believed that Canada needed to continue to show its military might in order to secure international influence. 

Conscription was eventually adopted and went into effect in Canada on August 29, 1917.  All male Canadians between 20 and 45 were now subject to military service, if called upon. 

Ultimately, conscription had a limited impact on the war effort.  By the end of the war, in November of 1918, only 48,000 conscripts had been sent overseas, and only half of those served at the front.  Over 50,000 conscripts were due to go overseas in 1919, but ended up never leaving Canada, as the war ended before they were shipped across the Atlantic.

These last two pictures show injured soldiers, home from the war and recuperating at a hospice in Toronto.  These men were almost certainly volunteers who had gone overseas to fight before conscription was enacted in Canada.  Chalked on the wall behind the soldiers in the first photograph is a slogan warning all “Slackers, beware the green eyed monster of conscription.”

In this photograph we see more injured Canadian soldiers.  Phrases chalked on the brick wall behind them include “You conscript, your time has come at last”, "We have done ours”, “Join now”, and perhaps, as more of a plea than a warning, “Don’t forget us”.

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Coming up : My next instalment of the "Toronto & The First World War" series is entitled "Preparation".  It explores the training of soldiers around Toronto.  It includes some photographs of familiar spaces in the city as they were taken over for military training.

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